從馬歡到平托：多源文獻中近代早期的穆斯林商旅與南海貿易

The South China Sea was the core area of ancient China’s foreign exchanges, and from this perspective, it holds significant importance. Referring to some local historical materials in Southeast Asia, Portuguese travelogues, and Chinese literature, it is not difficult to find that Muslim business trips from various regions were active in the South China Sea trade circle before the “Longqing Kaihai” period. There were not only Chinese Muslims from Champa, Java and other places but also non-Chinese Muslims scattered in Malacca, Sumatra Island, Penghang, Brunei, the Philippines, Siam and other places, as well as Muslim business trips from the east and west coasts of India and even the Arabian Peninsula. From various documents in early modern times, especially the sailing diaries and travelogues of Portuguese people such as Albuquerque, Barbosa, Pires, and Pinot, it is not difficult to see that Muslim business travelers still engaged in a large number of activities in the South China Sea trade circle from the 16th to the early 17th century. Against the background of Westerners coming eastward, although the decline of the South China Sea Muslim business community was established, its process was not sudden.