| 標題 Title |
十七世紀初西方國家在日本的對弈──英荷對西葡的挑戰 Competition between the Anglo-Dutch and the Portuguese-Spanish in Japan during the Early 17th Century: Attacks from the Dutch and English |
|---|---|
| 作者 Author |
肖飛燕 XIAO Feiyan |
| 摘要 Abstract |
近代早期，歐洲殖民勢力逐漸擴展至世界各地，亞歐大陸另一極的日本也成為了列國爭奪的目標。隨着17世糿荷蘭和英國的紛至沓來，從戰國紛爭中漸趨統一的日本又進入了葡萄牙和西班牙的老牌殖民帝國與荷蘭和英國的新興之邦的激列角逐中。四國兩派在日本的爭奪構成了新老勢力全球爭霸的有機組成部分。英荷以後來者的身份通過商對競爭、軍事攻伐、政治宗教對抗等手段，挑戰和打擊西葡在日的壟段勢力，最終取而代之。此外，在雙方的競爭中，德川幕府並不是處於一種被動的位置，而是積極參與甚至主導了這場新舊勢力的迭代更新，因此在其對外關係的調整中成為了最大的受益者。這與19世糿中葉幕末時期被迫打關國門之時的被動地位截然而不同。
With the arrival of the Dutch and English in the early 17th century, a ferocious and tense competition for dominance in Japan broke out between Catholic and Protestant camps. By means of commercial competition, military attacks, political maneuver and public opinion, emerging Northwestern nations contested with Iberian empires in order to seize more privileges from Japan and to expel the latter from Japan. Moreover, in the competition of these European countries, the Tokugawa Shogunate was not in a passive position, but actively participated in and even managed to manipulate the competition to its own benefit, thus becoming the biggest beneficiary in the adjustment of its external relations. This was completely different from the passive position in the late 19th century when it was forced to open its doors. |
| 關鍵詞 Keywords |
英荷商館，平戶，耶穌會，澳門大船，德川幕府 English and Dutch factories, Hirado, Society of Jesuit, The Great Ship, Tokugawa Shogunate |
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